Textile & Apparel business in Turkey

Economies Of Scale - Textile & Apparel business in Turkey

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Market Overview

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Economies Of Scale

Textile and Apparel industry has a great contribution to the Turkish economy. The industry has been denominated as the locomotive of the Turkish economy for years. Turkey's textile and apparel exports continued rising recently after began falling in January, with elimination of Eu and Us quotas.

The industrialisation efforts of the 60's and 70's gave birth to the contemporary textile industry in Turkey. At the beginning, this sector was operating as small workshops. But the sector showed rapid improvement and while the 1970's began exporting. Today, Turkey is one of the foremost textile and clothing producers and exporters in the world.

Turkey's textile and clothing manufacturers began relocating yield in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. In the last three years, Turkish textile and apparel companies faced raising difficulties, after having substantially succeeded in the eighties and the first part of the nineties.

Chinese textile exports after a decades-old quota theory limits ends on January 1, 2005 and the World Trade assosication believes that within three years the Asian giant could be producing over half of the world s textiles, up from 17% in 2003.

The end of the quota regime has spawned fears of broad job losses nearby the world, including in Turkey, whose own textiles and apparel exports stand at nearby billion a year.

Thus, it is indispensable to understand the Turkish textile and apparel sector, the weakness and the drive it has in the World market.

Current scenario of Textiles and Apparels in Turkey

The textile and apparel sector has been the backbone of the Turkish economy with a vital role to play in the industrialisation process and store orientation of the economy in the last two decades. In the 1980s, it was the foremost sector connected to the global economy and the export revenues of this hard currency earning sector contributed substantially to the broad economy. The textile sector continued to be one of the major contributors to the Turkish economy, being one of the fastest growing sectors in the 1990s with an average 12.2% yearly growth, while the Turkish economy had an average growth of 5.2% per year. Total speculation in the sector exceeded Us$ 150 billion, of which more than Us$ 50 billion was invested in the last 5-10 years.

Textile industry started out in the 1960s in small workshops, have rapidly advanced and transformed Turkey into a global competitor.

The total number of firms in the sector, dominated (95%) by the underground sector, number nearby 44,000 and 25% of them are active exporters. The apparel industry is constituted generally (80%) of small and medium sized firms whereas the technology-intensive textile yield has been undertaken by large-scale companies. Today, nearby 20% of Turkey's 500 largest companies are complex in the textiles and apparel sector.

Low labor costs, a qualified workforce, relatively cheap raw materials have played an foremost role in the indispensable growth of the sector; as well as a liberalized economic environment and export-led policies in the last two decades.

The yield value of the sector is over Us$ 20 billion. Employment in the sector is estimated to be about 4 million habitancy (2.5 million employed directly and a additional 1.5 million indirectly straight through the sub-sectors). Lawful statistics also reveals that nearby 500,000 employees in the sector due to unregistered labor force.

The apparel sector exports approximately 60% of its production. Capacity utilization rates are approximately 75% especially among exporting manufacturers.

Turkey ranks also among the top ten global producers of wool cloth, carpets, artificial filament and fiber, polyester and polyamide filament. While Europe's 3rd largest polyester producer is a Turkish-Us joint venture, Turkey's synthetics yield mounts to 15% of Western Europe's capacity.

Economic Contribution

Textile and clothing industry has a great contribution to the Turkish economy. For example, textile and clothing industry accounts for:

. 10% in Gnp

. 40 % in commercial production

. 30% manufacturing labor force

. 35% of exports earning

The textile and apparel sector contributes over 20 billion Usd to the Gross National Product. The sector is mostly foremost for its export earnings; its share in the country's total exports has been between 33-39% since 1990.

The major export store for Turkish textile and apparel goods is the Eu countries, which inventory for about 65% of total textile and apparel exports. Turkey ranks 2nd in apparel and textile imports to the Eu having an 8.2% and 4.8% share in the Eu's total textile and apparel imports respectively as of 2003.

Export scenario

Textile and apparel exports increased by 14.6% on average per year while 1980-2003. Especially until the second half of 1990s, the sector's exports increased at a rate above the growth in total exports of Turkey as well as the growth in global textile and apparel exports. In 2003, the sector's exports totaled Us$ 15.1 billion, having a share of 32.6% of the total exports. Exports rose to 23% in 2003, terms of value to 2002. The addition share of apparels in exports since 1986 signifies the efforts to produce more value added products.

After the Eu, the Usa is a big and impending market. Turkey is the 19th apparel supplier and ninth textile supplier of Usa with a 1.9% and 2.9% share respectively. Beside the Eu and the Us market, new markets are North African countries namely, Tunisia, Egypt and Algeria; Middle East countries namely Syria, Israel and Saudi Arabia; Eastern European countries namely Romania, Bulgaria, Poland and Hungary; and Cis countries. The sector faces quotas only in the Usa and Canada. The Russian Federation was also a big store for the Turkish textile and apparel sector till the financial emergency of August 1998. It was the 3rd biggest store for apparel and 9th for textile products in 1997. Russia is still a promising store for textile and apparel sectors with its high consumption possible that will come out in the following years especially after developments towards better integration to the world economy and Wto membership prospects.

Cotton market

Turkey is a very foremost cotton country, which is an benefit in raw materials, for the clothing industry. Turkey is a traditional cotton producer and uses this benefit in the textile and apparel sector. Turkey ranks 1st in Europe and 6th in the world cotton yield with an average yield of 800,000-900,000 tons per
year. Moreover, with the completion of irrigation projects within Southeastern Anatolian scheme (Gap), Turkey's most broad improvement program, current cotton yield is startling to double by the year 2005.

During 2003-04 season Turkey produced 893,000 tons of cotton. About 30% of the cotton yield is high potential long staple cotton and the rest is of medium quality. The cotton industry provides a contentious edge to the textiles industry, which utilizes cotton as its indispensable raw material.

Cotton store Trends
Main destinations for cotton yarn exports are Italy, Portugal, Greece and Belgium and for cotton fabric the Uk, Italy, Usa and Belgium. Whilst Turkey used to be a net exporter of cotton, the trade balance reversed in 1992 and since then Turkey has been a net importer of cotton since domestic interrogate has persistently exceeded ready stocks. Beside cotton, Turkey has a strong standing in artificial fiber, wool and mohair productions. Turkey ranks ninth in artificial fiber, eighth in wool and third in mohair yield in the world.

Home Textile Industry

Besides the Turkish textile industry Turkish home textile industry has also shown a growth in terms of yield and exports. In new years the yield of home textiles has shown a stable growth due to the rise in domestic and external interrogate for home textiles. Turkish home textile industry has recorded growth in terms of yield and exports in new years. approximately all kinds of home textiles are produced in Turkey. These may be listed as follows in order of their export values: bed linens, bedspreads, table linens, towels, bathrobes, voiles, curtains, lace, interior blinds, curtain or bed valances, blankets, cushions, pillows, quilts, eiderdowns.

In home textile sector, also large scale firms there are many small and medium sized firms scattered all nearby the country. As a department of the textile industry, the home textiles sector accounts for 3.2% share in Turkey's total exports and have been an foremost sub-sector for the Turkish economy. European countries are the most foremost markets for Turkey s home textile exports. At present Germany, the Uk, France, the Usa, Netherlands and Russian Federation are the major markets for Turkey s home textile exports. New markets such as Poland, Hungary, Romania and Cis countries are gaining more and more importance.

Foreign Investments in the Sector

The products of the Turkish textile and apparel sector have a good credit in foreign markets as a result of the availability of high potential cotton in Turkey, wide usage of Cad (Computer Aided Design) and Cam (Computer Aided Manufacturing) and the growth in the number of qualified personnel.

Conclusion

The sector is aware of the trend in international markets towards addition interrogate for healthier and more environmentally cordial products and tries to adapt itself to these developments by legal and technical regulations.

Nevertheless, it is hard to keep its contentious position in the world store full of emerging players. Thus, manufacturers have shifted their operations to value-added products and creation of brand names. Currently, 30% of Turkish manufacturers have their own designs and brands in international markets.

As current studies reveal, advanced countries will have a decreasing share in global textile yield while the developing countries will growth their manufacturing capacity to meet the addition demands. It is also estimated that by 2005, the developing countries will growth their self-sufficiency in textile production. The Us with an estimate of 200% growth in textile consumption is also estimated to have a 32% decrease in self-sufficiency by the year 2005.

Turkey, with its adaptability to European standards and regulations connected to environment, health, quality, and security is aiming to move into the yield of more and more value added products, into an era in which the Turkish textile industry will be known for its potential trademarks and will be pricing a product for the Made in Turkey sign.

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Textile commerce in India

Economies Of Scale - Textile commerce in India

Good afternoon. Now, I discovered Economies Of Scale - Textile commerce in India. Which is very helpful if you ask me therefore you. Textile commerce in India

Current Status

What I said. It is not the actual final outcome that the true about Economies Of Scale. You read this article for information about an individual wish to know is Economies Of Scale.

Economies Of Scale

The textile business holds principal status in the India. Textile business provides one of the most basal necessities of the people. It is an independent industry, from the basic requirement of raw materials to the final products, with huge value-addition at every stage of processing.

Today textile sector accounts for nearly 14% of the total market output. Indian fabric is in examine with its ethnic, earthly colored and many textures. The textile sector accounts about 30% in the total export. This conveys that it holds inherent if one is ready to innovate.

The textile business is the largest business in terms of employment economy, staggering to originate 12 million new jobs by 2010. It generates immense inherent for employment in the sectors from agricultural to industrial. Employment opportunities are created when cotton is cultivated. It does not need any exclusive Government support even at present to go further. Only thing needed is to give some directions to fabricate population to get sufficient share of the behalf to spearhead development.

Segments

Textile business is constituted of the following segments

o Readymade Garments

o Cotton Textiles including Handlooms (Millmade / Powerloom/ Handloom)

o manufactured Textiles

o Silk Textiles

o Woollen Textiles

o Handicrafts including Carpets

o Coir

o Jute

The cottage business with handlooms, with the cheapest of threads, produces median dress material, which costs only about 200 Inr featuring fine floral and other patterns. It is not principal to add any fabricate to it. The women of the house spin the thread, and weave a piece in about a week.

It is an established fact that small and irregular apparel output can be profitable by providing affordable casual wear and relaxation garments varieties.

Now, one may ask, where from the economy and the large behalf comes in if the bottom end of the chain does not get paid with minimum per day labour charge. It is an irony of course. What population at the upper stratum of the chain do is, to apply this fabric into a fabricate with some imagination and earn in millions. The straight 6 yards easy saree, drape in with a blouse with embroideries and bead work, then it becomes a designer¡¦s ensemble. For an median person, it can be a slant cut while giving it a shape, which can double the profit. Maybe, the 30 % reputation that the business is taking for its gift to Indian economy as good as 60 % this way. Though it is an industry, it has to innovate to prosper. It has all the ingredients to go ahead.

Current Scenario

Textile exports are targeted to reach billion by 2010, billion of which will go to the Us. Other markets consist of Uae, Uk, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, Canada, Bangladesh and Japan. The name of these countries with their background can give thousands of insights to a thinking mind. The slant cut that will be producing a readymade garment will sell at a price of 600 Indian rupees, making the value expanding to be profitable by 300 %.

Currently, because of the lifting up of the import restrictions of the multi-fibre arrangement (Mfa) since 1st January, 2005 under the World Trade club (Wto) deal on Textiles and Clothing, the shop has come to be competitive; on closer look however, it sounds an occasion because good material will be inherent with the customary inputs so far ready with the Indian market.

At present, the textile business is undergoing a mammoth re-orientation towards other then clothing segments of textile sector, which is commonly called as technical textiles. It is intelligent vertically with an median growing rate of nearly two times of textiles for clothing applications and now account for more than half of the total textile output. The processes in making technical textiles need costly machinery and skilled workers.

The application that comes under technical textiles are filtration, bed sheets and abrasive materials, healthcare upholstery and furniture, blood-absorbing materials and thermal protection, adhesive tape, seatbelts, and other specialized application and products.

Strengths

. India enjoys benefit of having plentiful resources of raw materials. It is one of the largest producers of cotton yarn around the globe, and also there are good resources of fibres like polyester, silk, viscose etc...

. There is wide range of cotton fibre available, and has a rapidly developing synthetic fibre industry.

. India has great competitiveness in spinning sector and has presence in roughly all processes of the value chain.

. Availability of extremely trained manpower in both, management and technical. The country has a huge benefit due to lower wage rates. Because of low labor rates the manufacturing cost in textile automatically comes down to very inexpensive rates.

. The installed capacity of spindles in India contributes for 24% share of the world, and it is one of the biggest exporters of yarns in the global market. Having modern functions and suitable fiscal policies, it accounts about 25% of the world trade in cotton yarn.

. The apparel business is largest foreign change earning sector, contributing 12% of the country's total exports.

. The garment business is very diverse in size, manufacturing facility, type of apparel produced, quantity and quality of output, cost, requirement for fabric etc. It comprises suppliers of ready-made garments for both, domestic or export markets.

Weakness

Massive Fragmentation:

A major loop-hole in Indian textile business is its huge fragmentation in business structure, which is led by small scale companies. Despite the government policies, which made this deformation, have been gradually removed now, but their impact will be seen for some time more. Since most of the clubs are small in size, the examples of business leadership are very few, which can be inspirational model for the rest of the industry.

The business veterans portrays the present productivity of factories at half to as low as one-third of levels, which might be attained. In many cases, smaller clubs do not have the fiscal resources to improve technology or invest in the high-end engineering of processes. The skilled labor is cheap in absolute terms; however, most of this benefit is lost by small companies.

The uneven contribute base also leads barriers in attaining integration in the middle of the links in contribute chain. This issue creates uncontrollable, unreliable and inconsistent performance.

Political and Government Diversity:
The reservation of output for very small clubs that was imposed with an intention to help out small scale clubs across the country, led mammoth fragmentation that distorted the competitiveness of industry. However, most of the sectors now have been de-reserved, and major entrepreneurs and corporate are putting-in huge number of money in establishing big facilities or in expansion of their existing plants.

Secondly, the foreign investment was kept out of textile and apparel production. Now, the Government has gradually eliminated these restrictions, by bringing down import duties on capital equipment, gift foreign investors to set up manufacturing facilities in India. In recent years, India has provided a global manufacturing platform to other multi-national clubs that business other than textile products; it can genuinely contribute a base for textiles and apparel companies.

Despite some motivating step taken by the government, other problems still sustains like varied taxes and excise imbalances due to diversification into 35 states and Union Territories. However, an outline of Vat is being implemented in place of all other tax diversifications, which will clear these imbalances once it is imposed fully.

Labour Laws:
In India, labour laws are still found to be relatively unfavorable to the trades, with clubs having not more than ideal model to ensue a 'hire and fire' policy. Even the clubs have often broken their enterprise down into small units to avoid any issue created by labour unionization.

In past few years, there has been movement gradually towards reforming labour laws, and it is staggering that this movement will uphold the environment more favorable.
Distant Geographic Location:
There are some high-level disadvantages for India due to its geographic location. For the foreign companies, it has a global logistics disadvantage due the shipping cost is higher and also takes much more time comparing to some other manufacturing countries like Mexico, Turkey, China etc. The inbound freight traffic has been also low, which affects cost of shipping - though, movement of containers are not at inexpensive costs.

Lack of trade memberships:
India is serious lacking in trade pact memberships, which leads to restricted entrance to the other major markets. This issue made others to impose quota and duty, which put scissors on the sourcing quantities from India.

Opportunities

It is staggering that India's textile business is likely to do much better. Since the consumption of domestic fibre is low, the growth in domestic consumption in tandem is staggering with Gdp of 6 to 8 % and this would support the growth of the local textile shop at about 6 to 7 % a year.

India can also grab opportunities in the export market. The business has the inherent of attaining bn export revenue by the year 2010. The regulatory polices is helping out to improve infrastructures of apparel parks, Specialized textile parks, Epzs and Eous.

The Government support has ensured fast consumption of clothing as well as of fibre. A single rate will now be prevalent throughout the country.

The Indian manufacturers and suppliers are improving fabricate skills, which consist of different fabrics agreeing to different markets. Indian fashion business and fashion designers are marking their name at international platform. Indian silk business that is known for its fine and exclusive brocades, is also adding immense compel to the textile industry.

The business is being modernized via an exclusive scheme, which has set aside bn for investment in improvisation of machinery. International brands, such as Levis, Wal-Mart, Jc Penny, Gap, Marks & Spencer and other business giants are sourcing more and more fabrics and garments from India. Alone Wal-Mart had purchased products worth 0mn last year and plans to growth buying up to bn in the advent year. The clothing giant from Europe, Gap is also sourcing from India.

Anticipation
As a ensue of varied initiatives taken by the government, there has been new investment of Rs.50,000 crore in the textile business in the last five years. Nine textile majors invested Rs.2,600 crore and plan to invest someone else Rs.6,400 crore. Further, India's cotton output increased by 57% over the last five years; and 3 million additional spindles and 30,000 shuttle-less looms were installed.

Forecast till 2010 for textiles by the government along with the business and Export Promotion Councils is to attain double the Gdp, and the export is likely attain bn. The business is staggering to originate 12mn new jobs in varied sectors.

How to uphold textile Industry

Weak infrastructure may be a hindrance which can be overcome with good network and with the willingness to share behalf by loyalty bottom up and patronization from above downwards.

. By putting more sell outlets,

. With good value added products,

. By taking the bottom end of the chain into belief and construction their quality to innovate more and more.

. By upholding the shop knowledge at every level that happens at higher-end that lifts the chain.

. By construction on the expertise for technical textiles that consist of bed sheets; filtration and abrasive materials; furniture and healthcare upholstery; thermal security and blood-absorbing materials; seatbelts; adhesive tape, etc which need skilled workers who are not easy to find in an Indian market.

. By retention a quarterly explore and amelioration department with regards to the industry

. By construction up the peripheral shop with quarterly modernize of new accessories.

. By integrating the disorganized sectors into one segment that is functionally independent of each other's unwanted stranglehold

. By putting affiliated efforts into the sector

. By creating a state owned cargo-shipping mechanism : with rationalizing fiscal duties; upgrading technology straight through the Technology Up-gradation Fund project (Tufs);

. By setting up of Apparel Parks

. By clearing off bottlenecks in the form of regulatory practices

. By replacing the indirect taxes with a single nationwide Vat

. With liberalization of compact norms for textile and garments units

. By controlling export of raw materials

. By curtailing the drawback claims falsely boosted invoice value of exports

. By effectively installing a price discovery mechanism to track shop trend to take effective measures before hand a slump

How to promote textile exports

For promotion of exports the measures which should be taken up are

. Up gradation of textiles sector

. Policy level decision to achieve export target

. Woven segment of readymade garment sector and knitwear have been de-reserved

. Technology Up-gradation Fund project to be pursued till next five years

. Liberalization of Fdi Policy with up to 100 per cent foreign equity participation

. Import of capital goods at 5% concession rate of duty with accepted export promulgation under

Export Promotion Capital Goods (Epcg) project and clearly laid out Exim policy

. Enlarge Licensing project with accepted input-output norms

. Prescribed Duty Exemption Pass Book (Depb) project reputation rates

. Duty Drawback project wherein the exporters are allowed repayment of the excise and import duty loss on raw materials

. construction of Apparel International Mart by Apparel Export Promotion Council to contribute a world class installation to the apparel exporters to exhibit products and built international reputation

. Setting up of quality checking laboratories

. Apparel Park for Exports project to invite international output units along with in-house output floors.

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